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The electrical power required to drive a motor has three components: reactive power (''P''<sub>''r''</sub>, kVAR), active power (''P''<sub>''a''</sub>, kW), and apparent power (''P''<sub>''ap''</sub>, kVA). The active power is the actual amount of work done by the motor and measured for billing purposes. The reactive power is the power required to magnetize the motor winding or to create magnetic flux, and is not recordable. The apparent power is the vector sum of kilowatts and kilovars and is the total amount of energy furnished by the utility company. | The electrical power required to drive a motor has three components: reactive power (''P''<sub>''r''</sub>, kVAR), active power (''P''<sub>''a''</sub>, kW), and apparent power (''P''<sub>''ap''</sub>, kVA). The active power is the actual amount of work done by the motor and measured for billing purposes. The reactive power is the power required to magnetize the motor winding or to create magnetic flux, and is not recordable. The apparent power is the vector sum of kilowatts and kilovars and is the total amount of energy furnished by the utility company. | ||
==Power relationships== | == Power relationships == | ||
<gallery widths=300px heights=200px> | The power triangles shown in '''Fig. 1''' illustrate the relationships between these terms. | ||
<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px"> | |||
File:Vol3 Page 474 Image 0001.png|'''Fig. 1—Power triangles (courtesy of AMEC Paragon).''' | File:Vol3 Page 474 Image 0001.png|'''Fig. 1—Power triangles (courtesy of AMEC Paragon).''' | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Power factor== | == Power factor == | ||
The power factor (''F''<sub>''p''</sub>) is the ratio of active power to apparent power: | The power factor (''F''<sub>''p''</sub>) is the ratio of active power to apparent power: | ||
[[File: | [[File:Vol3 page 474 eq 001.png|RTENOTITLE]]('''Eq. 1''') | ||
The power factor is "leading" in loads that are more capacitive and "lagging" in loads that are more inductive (e.g., motor or transformer windings). In a purely resistive load, ''F''<sub>''ops''</sub> = 1 (unity), such that ''P''<sub>''a''</sub> = ''P''<sub>''ap''</sub> (kW = kVA) and no reactive power is present. When ''F''<sub>''p''</sub> < unity, reactive power is present and more power is required to produce work, as seen in the following equation: | The power factor is "leading" in loads that are more capacitive and "lagging" in loads that are more inductive (e.g., motor or transformer windings). In a purely resistive load, ''F''<sub>''ops''</sub> = 1 (unity), such that ''P''<sub>''a''</sub> = ''P''<sub>''ap''</sub> (kW = kVA) and no reactive power is present. When ''F''<sub>''p''</sub> < unity, reactive power is present and more power is required to produce work, as seen in the following equation: | ||
[[File: | [[File:Vol3 page 474 eq 002.PNG|RTENOTITLE]]('''Eq. 2''') | ||
== Reactive power == | |||
The reactive power of a motor is approximately the same from no load to full load. When a motor is operating at full load, the active/reactive power ratio is high, and thus the power factor of the motor is high. A lightly loaded motor has a low active/reactive power ratio, which causes the power factor to be low. At low power factors, more power will be required from the utility company than actually is needed by the load. This translates into higher energy cost and the need for larger generation units and transformers. Some utility companies charge a substantial penalty to their customers for low power factors (generally < 0.95). Also, low power factors might cause more voltage drop in the system, which causes the motors to operate sluggishly and the lights to dim. | |||
The reactive power of a motor is approximately the same from no load to full load. When a motor is operating at full load, the active/reactive power ratio is high, and thus the power factor of the motor is high. A lightly loaded motor has a low active/reactive power ratio, which causes the power factor to be low. At low power factors, more power will be required from the utility company than actually is needed by the load. This translates into higher energy cost and the need for larger generation units and transformers. Some utility companies charge a substantial penalty to their customers for low power factors (generally < 0.95). Also, low power factors might cause more voltage drop in the system, which causes the motors to operate sluggishly and the lights to dim. | |||
It is essential that the power factor of the system be maintained as high as possible (close to unity). Removing the reactive power from the system can make this possible. Power-factor-correction capacitors are used for this purpose. A motor requires inductive or lagging reactive power for magnetizing. Capacitors provide capacitive or leading reactive power that cancels out the lagging reactive power when used for power-factor improvement. The power triangles in '''Fig. 2''' show how capacitors can improve the power factor for a motor. The improved power factor changes the current required from the utility company, but not the one required by the motor. | It is essential that the power factor of the system be maintained as high as possible (close to unity). Removing the reactive power from the system can make this possible. Power-factor-correction capacitors are used for this purpose. A motor requires inductive or lagging reactive power for magnetizing. Capacitors provide capacitive or leading reactive power that cancels out the lagging reactive power when used for power-factor improvement. The power triangles in '''Fig. 2''' show how capacitors can improve the power factor for a motor. The improved power factor changes the current required from the utility company, but not the one required by the motor. | ||
<gallery | <gallery> | ||
File:Vol3 Page 476 Image 0001.png| | File:Vol3 Page 476 Image 0001.png|Fig. 2—Power triangle showing power factor correction. | ||
</ | </gallery><ref name="r1">H.B. Bradley, ed. 1987. ''Petroleum Engineering Handbook''. Richardson, Texas: SPE.</ref> | ||
== Capacitors == | |||
Capacitors should not be selected as a means of correcting poor power factors that are the result of oversized motors or unbalanced pumping units. Choosing a capacitor for this purpose might cause overcorrection, which can result in a leading power factor. A leading power factor, in turn, might cause overvoltages that would cause control-component failure or power-cable failure. This potential problem generally is avoided by connecting the capacitors downstream of the motor contactors and switching them on and off, along with the motor contactors. | |||
Capacitors should not be selected as a means of correcting poor power factors that are the result of oversized motors or unbalanced pumping units. Choosing a capacitor for this purpose might cause overcorrection, which can result in a leading power factor. A leading power factor, in turn, might cause overvoltages that would cause control-component failure or power-cable failure. This potential problem generally is avoided by connecting the capacitors downstream of the motor contactors and switching them on and off, along with the motor contactors. | |||
Power factor correction capacitors could be applied to each individual motor to correct the power factor of that motor, or could be a single unit connected to the main bus of the switchgear. In the latter case, the unit should have power-factor-sensing circuits that automatically determine the amount of capacitance required for maintaining a preset power factor. The required amount of capacitors are automatically added to or removed from the switchgear bus to maintain the required power factor. | Power factor correction capacitors could be applied to each individual motor to correct the power factor of that motor, or could be a single unit connected to the main bus of the switchgear. In the latter case, the unit should have power-factor-sensing circuits that automatically determine the amount of capacitance required for maintaining a preset power factor. The required amount of capacitors are automatically added to or removed from the switchgear bus to maintain the required power factor. | ||
The cyclic kW load on a pumping-unit motor can cause the power factor to vary from 1.0 to near zero if excessive adverse pumping conditions exist. | The cyclic kW load on a pumping-unit motor can cause the power factor to vary from 1.0 to near zero if excessive adverse pumping conditions exist. | ||
==Nomenclature== | == Nomenclature == | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | | ''F''<sub>''p''</sub> | ||
|= | | = | ||
| | | power factor, cos ''θ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''P''<sub>''ap''</sub> | | ''P''<sub>''a''</sub> | ||
|= | | = | ||
|apparent power, kVA | | active power, kW | ||
|- | |||
| ''P''<sub>''ap''</sub> | |||
| = | |||
| apparent power, kVA | |||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
<references> | |||
<references /> | |||
== Noteworthy papers in OnePetro == | |||
Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read | Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read | ||
==External links== | == External links == | ||
Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro | Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro | ||
==See also== | == See also == | ||
[[Electrical grounding]] | |||
[[Electrical_grounding|Electrical grounding]] | |||
[[Electrical distribution systems]] | [[Electrical_distribution_systems|Electrical distribution systems]] | ||
[[Electrical systems]] | [[Electrical_systems|Electrical systems]] | ||
[[Hazardous area classification for electrical systems]] | [[Hazardous_area_classification_for_electrical_systems|Hazardous area classification for electrical systems]] | ||
[[Alternating current motors]] | [[Alternating_current_motors|Alternating current motors]] | ||
[[Induction motors]] | [[Induction_motors|Induction motors]] | ||
[[Synchronous motor]] | [[Synchronous_motor|Synchronous motor]] | ||
[[Motor specifications]] | [[Motor_specifications|Motor specifications]] | ||
[[NEMA motor characteristics]] | [[NEMA_motor_characteristics|NEMA motor characteristics]] | ||
[[Alternating current motor drives]] | [[Alternating_current_motor_drives|Alternating current motor drives]] | ||
[[Motor enclosures]] | [[Motor_enclosures|Motor enclosures]] | ||
[[PEH: | [[PEH:Electrical_Systems]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:57, 1 June 2015
The electrical power required to drive a motor has three components: reactive power (Pr, kVAR), active power (Pa, kW), and apparent power (Pap, kVA). The active power is the actual amount of work done by the motor and measured for billing purposes. The reactive power is the power required to magnetize the motor winding or to create magnetic flux, and is not recordable. The apparent power is the vector sum of kilowatts and kilovars and is the total amount of energy furnished by the utility company.
Power relationships
The power triangles shown in Fig. 1 illustrate the relationships between these terms.
Fig. 1—Power triangles (courtesy of AMEC Paragon).
Power factor
The power factor (Fp) is the ratio of active power to apparent power:
(Eq. 1)
The power factor is "leading" in loads that are more capacitive and "lagging" in loads that are more inductive (e.g., motor or transformer windings). In a purely resistive load, Fops = 1 (unity), such that Pa = Pap (kW = kVA) and no reactive power is present. When Fp < unity, reactive power is present and more power is required to produce work, as seen in the following equation:
(Eq. 2)
Reactive power
The reactive power of a motor is approximately the same from no load to full load. When a motor is operating at full load, the active/reactive power ratio is high, and thus the power factor of the motor is high. A lightly loaded motor has a low active/reactive power ratio, which causes the power factor to be low. At low power factors, more power will be required from the utility company than actually is needed by the load. This translates into higher energy cost and the need for larger generation units and transformers. Some utility companies charge a substantial penalty to their customers for low power factors (generally < 0.95). Also, low power factors might cause more voltage drop in the system, which causes the motors to operate sluggishly and the lights to dim.
It is essential that the power factor of the system be maintained as high as possible (close to unity). Removing the reactive power from the system can make this possible. Power-factor-correction capacitors are used for this purpose. A motor requires inductive or lagging reactive power for magnetizing. Capacitors provide capacitive or leading reactive power that cancels out the lagging reactive power when used for power-factor improvement. The power triangles in Fig. 2 show how capacitors can improve the power factor for a motor. The improved power factor changes the current required from the utility company, but not the one required by the motor.
Fig. 2—Power triangle showing power factor correction.
Capacitors
Capacitors should not be selected as a means of correcting poor power factors that are the result of oversized motors or unbalanced pumping units. Choosing a capacitor for this purpose might cause overcorrection, which can result in a leading power factor. A leading power factor, in turn, might cause overvoltages that would cause control-component failure or power-cable failure. This potential problem generally is avoided by connecting the capacitors downstream of the motor contactors and switching them on and off, along with the motor contactors.
Power factor correction capacitors could be applied to each individual motor to correct the power factor of that motor, or could be a single unit connected to the main bus of the switchgear. In the latter case, the unit should have power-factor-sensing circuits that automatically determine the amount of capacitance required for maintaining a preset power factor. The required amount of capacitors are automatically added to or removed from the switchgear bus to maintain the required power factor.
The cyclic kW load on a pumping-unit motor can cause the power factor to vary from 1.0 to near zero if excessive adverse pumping conditions exist.
Nomenclature
| Fp | = | power factor, cos θ |
| Pa | = | active power, kW |
| Pap | = | apparent power, kVA |
References
- ↑ H.B. Bradley, ed. 1987. Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, Texas: SPE.
Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read
External links
Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro
See also
Electrical distribution systems
Hazardous area classification for electrical systems