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== <span style="font-size:large;">'''Introduction&nbsp;'''</span> ==
== <span style="font-size:large;">'''Introduction&nbsp;'''</span> ==
<p style="text-align: justify;">Petroleum is a Latin word of (Petra ‘‘rock’’ + Oleum ‘’ oil ‘’),&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">It is&nbsp;completely different </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 21.3333px; text-align: justify;">than</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">&nbsp;oil that&nbsp;comes from vegetable sources such as the olive, but modern research has traced its origin to the lipids (oils) of planktonic (free floating) plants and animals which live in brackish water such as blue-green algaes and foraminifera. The brackishness is essential because aerobic bacteria does not live in brackish water.&nbsp;Which in turn&nbsp;would decompose all of the organic matter. In brackish water the organic matter of the planktonic plants and animals sinks to the bottom and incorporated into clay sediments which ultimately become sedimentary rocks, as we called shale rock.&nbsp;Under high pressure and temperature the oil of clay shales can be squeezed out and into porous rock. In porous rock the oil can travel until it reaches an impervious barrier such as a salt dome.</span></p><p style="line-height: 20.8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Petroleum is so important to ensure life sustainability as a source of energy which has a big impact across society from several aspects, including economy, politics and human basic needs. It is a strategic commodity every country seeking to keep it provided or alive by developing new technologies which contribute in maximize petroleum recovery from underground.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Petroleum is a Latin word of (Petra ‘‘rock’’ + Oleum ‘’ oil ‘’),&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">It is&nbsp;completely different </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 21.3333px; text-align: justify;">than</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">&nbsp;oil that&nbsp;comes from vegetable sources such as the olive, but modern research has traced its origin to the lipids (oils) of planktonic (free floating) plants and animals which live in brackish water such as blue-green algaes and foraminifera. The brackishness is essential because aerobic bacteria does not live in brackish water.&nbsp;Which in turn&nbsp;would decompose all of the organic matter. In brackish water the organic matter of the planktonic plants and animals sinks to the bottom and incorporated into clay sediments which ultimately become sedimentary rocks, as we called shale rock.&nbsp;Under high pressure and temperature the oil of clay shales can be squeezed out and into porous rock. In porous rock the oil can travel until it reaches an impervious barrier such as a salt dome.</span></p><p style="line-height: 20.8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Petroleum is so important to ensure life sustainability as a source of energy which has a big impact across society from several aspects, including economy, politics and human basic needs. It is a strategic commodity every country seeking to keep it provided or alive by developing new technologies which contribute in maximize petroleum recovery from underground.</span></p>
== <span style="font-size:large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">'''Origin of petroleum dilemma&nbsp;'''</span></span> ==
== <span style="font-size:large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">'''<ref name="Samar. Abb.1969.The non-organic theory of the genesis of Petroleum, http://cds.cern.ch/record/360632/files/9610011.pdf (downloaded 6 November 2015)  ">_</ref>Origin of petroleum dilemma&nbsp;'''</span></span> ==


The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies devoted to it. Rather than any other natural substance.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">There are two different theories about the origin of petroleum.&nbsp;</span>
The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies devoted to it. Rather than any other natural substance.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">There are two different theories about the origin of petroleum.&nbsp;</span>
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=== <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;"><ref>Wikipedia. 2015. Origin of petroleum (18 November 2011 revision), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum (accessed 10 November 2015).</ref><references /></span></span> ===
=== <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;"><ref>Wikipedia. 2015. Origin of petroleum (18 November 2011 revision), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum (accessed 10 November 2015).</ref><references /></span></span> ===
<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;"></span></span>

Revision as of 14:14, 18 November 2015

See Creating quality topic pages([1]) for full details on how to make this a quality topic page

The Story

Millions of years ago, the earth was populated with plants and animals. Much of that life was located in or adjacent to ancient rivers, lakes, rivers and sea. As plants and animals died, their remains settled to the bottom of these bodies of water. Ancient rivers carried mud and sand that buried the organic material. As layers of organic material continued to build up, the oxygen supply to the lower layers eventually cut off and decomposition slowed. The thickness of such layers grew to 100s of feet over the time.

Introduction 

Petroleum is a Latin word of (Petra ‘‘rock’’ + Oleum ‘’ oil ‘’), It is completely different than oil that comes from vegetable sources such as the olive, but modern research has traced its origin to the lipids (oils) of planktonic (free floating) plants and animals which live in brackish water such as blue-green algaes and foraminifera. The brackishness is essential because aerobic bacteria does not live in brackish water. Which in turn would decompose all of the organic matter. In brackish water the organic matter of the planktonic plants and animals sinks to the bottom and incorporated into clay sediments which ultimately become sedimentary rocks, as we called shale rock. Under high pressure and temperature the oil of clay shales can be squeezed out and into porous rock. In porous rock the oil can travel until it reaches an impervious barrier such as a salt dome.

Petroleum is so important to ensure life sustainability as a source of energy which has a big impact across society from several aspects, including economy, politics and human basic needs. It is a strategic commodity every country seeking to keep it provided or alive by developing new technologies which contribute in maximize petroleum recovery from underground.

[1]Origin of petroleum dilemma 

The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies devoted to it. Rather than any other natural substance. There are two different theories about the origin of petroleum. 

Inorganic or Abiotic origin 

States that hydrogen and carbon came together under great temperature and pressure, far below the earth’s surface and formed oil and gas where chemical reactions have occurred. The oil and gas then seeped through porous rock to deposit in various natural underground traps.It is also excluded the hypothesis to be a finite substance. There are different inorganic theories existed, we will discuss some of it.

Inorganic theories

  •  Metal carbide theory

Developed by a Russian chemist which states that The deposition of petroleum is controlled by tectonic activities than the ages of sedimentary rock. To explain his observations, he put forth metal carbide theory. Metal carbides deep in Earth reacted with water at high pressure and temperature to form acetylene which condense to heavier hydrocarbons. Here is the equation                          Cac2+H2O= C2H2+Ca(OH)2

  • Volcanic theory 

​Involves outgassing of the mental via volcanic activity or eruption 

  • Earthquake theory 

​Involves outgassing comes from deep Earth's mantel via tectonic activities such as faults and this still happening till now.

  • Serpentinization theory

states that hydrocarbons is a byproduct came from a metamorphic transformation of the green dark Olivine mineral which found in

Overwhelming evidences for inorganic origin of petroleum 

  • Geographical location: most of hydrocarbon producing regions nearby belts of tectonic activities.
  • Stability with depth: Most of our hydrocarbons found below the burial depth of most of the fossils, if we consider it will be there it can't not withstand or survive at these sever condtions of pressure and temperture. 

 Organic origin  

Is the one most widely accepted, the oil and gas are formed from remains of prehistoric plants and animals. Remains of plants have been transformed to coal and animals to oil and gas. This remains were settled into seas and accumulated at the ocean floor and buried with several km of sediments. Over the time, we talk about few milion years the layers of the organic material were compressed under the weight of the sediment above them. The increase in pressure and temperature with the absence of oxygen changed the mud, sand, slit or sediments into rock and organic matter into Kerogen and after further burial and heating is transformed via cracking into petroleum and natural gas.

Overwhelming evidences for organic origin of petroleum 

  • Since it is known that hydrocarbons can produced from photosynthesis. So logically we can expect to be an oragnic origin. 
  • Petroleum is found only in association with sedimentary rocks. There is no petroleum associated with igneous or metamorphic rocks.
  • Polarized light passing through all petroleum undergoes a rotation that is the same as for the organic oils.
  • Molecules in hydrocarbon thought to be the same of the organic matters. 
  • The organic carbon in plants depleted in C13 due to photosynthesis process. in dead organic matter it is further depleted due to radioactive decaying, the same depletion was found in petroleum and natural gas. 

Conclusion 

The battle between organic and organic theory still persistent till now. All the supporters from both sides were struggling to prove their theory. According to organic theory petroleum is a finite substance formed from organisms decaying at several k.m below ground surface. On the other side they consider petroleum a self regenerative substance produced by the Earth itself and the chemical interactions into deep Earth. So it is not a finite substance as we not run out of oil and gas till now. As we know the most widely accepted one is the organic theory which defines the substantial conditions for the formation of petroleum like saturated soil, absence of oxygen, high pressure and high temperature. All these conditions contribute in decaying of organic materials which then transformed into kerogen forming a source rock. Petroleum and natural gas formed by fractionation of kerogen.

References 

  1. _

[1]
  1. Samar. Abb.1969.The non-organic theory of the genesis of Petroleum, http://cds.cern.ch/record/360632/files/9610011.pdf (downloaded 6 November 2015)

[1]
  1. Donatien Ishimwe. 2014. Origin and formation of petroleum, 11 September 2014, http://connect.spe.org/blogs/donatien-ishimwe/2014/09/11/origin-and-formation-of-petroleum (accessed 12 November 2015)

[1]
  1. Wikipedia. 2015. Origin of petroleum (18 November 2011 revision), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum (accessed 10 November 2015).