industry, override, viewlinktolatest, wysiwyg
1,729
edits
Naturally occurring radioactive materials: Difference between revisions
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (view source)
Revision as of 19:04, 22 September 2015
, 22 September 2015no edit summary
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
== Proper disposal == | == Proper disposal == | ||
According to Diyashev, between 1990 and 1991, multiple cases of radioactive scale were detected on the technological equipment of gathering, transport, and oil treatment systems.<ref>Diyashev, R.N., Takhautdinov, S.F., Antonov, G.P. 1994. Disposal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Oil Production. Presented at the SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, Jakarta, 25-27 January. SPE-27216-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27216-MS. </ref> Of the equipment tested, 30% was contaminated with radioactive scale. Gammaradiating power on the external surface of contaminated equipment reaches 6 mrem/h, twice the safe radiation dose for professionals established by the sanitary legislation of Russia. By Diyashev's estimation, the quantity of radioactive waste removed from technological equipment during repairs is as high as 3--4 thousand tons per year. | According to Diyashev, et al, between 1990 and 1991, multiple cases of radioactive scale were detected on the technological equipment of gathering, transport, and oil treatment systems.<ref>Diyashev, R.N., Takhautdinov, S.F., Antonov, G.P. 1994. Disposal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Oil Production. Presented at the SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, Jakarta, 25-27 January. SPE-27216-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27216-MS. </ref> Of the equipment tested, 30% was contaminated with radioactive scale. Gammaradiating power on the external surface of contaminated equipment reaches 6 mrem/h, twice the safe radiation dose for professionals established by the sanitary legislation of Russia. By Diyashev's estimation, the quantity of radioactive waste removed from technological equipment during repairs is as high as 3--4 thousand tons per year. | ||
The ultimate objective for NORM disposal should be providing protection to human health and the environment in a safe, practical, cost-effective, and permanent manner.<ref name="r1">2009. The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Management Guideline Mously, K.A., Campbell, J.A., Cowie, M. Presented at the Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security and Environment Conference, Jakarta, 4-6 August. SPE-123482-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/123482-MS.</ref> Disposal design should prevent contamination of natural resources like groundwater or soil in potential residential or agricultural areas. Re-injection and Class 1 landfills are the optimum methods of NORM disposal according to risk assessment studies conducted by Saudi Aramco. Ultimately, Saudi Aramco found that underground injection, specifically slurry fracture injection, to be the superior disposal method. | The ultimate objective for NORM disposal should be providing protection to human health and the environment in a safe, practical, cost-effective, and permanent manner.<ref name="r1">2009. The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Management Guideline Mously, K.A., Campbell, J.A., Cowie, M. Presented at the Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security and Environment Conference, Jakarta, 4-6 August. SPE-123482-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/123482-MS.</ref> Disposal design should prevent contamination of natural resources like groundwater or soil in potential residential or agricultural areas. Re-injection and Class 1 landfills are the optimum methods of NORM disposal according to risk assessment studies conducted by Saudi Aramco. Ultimately, Saudi Aramco found that underground injection, specifically slurry fracture injection, to be the superior disposal method. | ||