You must log in to edit PetroWiki. Help with editing

Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. SPE disclaims any and all liability for your use of such content. More information


Micelle: Difference between revisions

PetroWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
m (Denisewatts moved page Sandbox:Micelle to Micelle without leaving a redirect)
 
(12 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Micelles (singular "[[Glossary:Micelle|micelle]]"), or micellae (singular "micella"), are spherical clusters of hydrocarbon molecules that act as emulsifying agents. A typical micelle in aqueous solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions in the micelle centre. This type of micelle is known as a normal-phase micelle (oil-in-water micelle). An Inverse micelle has a hyprophobic and hydrophilic side, with the hyrodphilic side at the center and the hydrophobic side facing the solvent. Micelles are approximately spherical in shape. Other phases, including shapes such as ellipsoids, cylinders, and bilayers, are also possible. The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism.<ref name="r1">Micelle. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micelle&oldid=694423373</ref>
Micelles [mi-sel] (singular "[[Glossary:Micelle|micelle]]"), or micellae (singular "micella"), are spherical clusters of hydrocarbon molecules that act as emulsifying agents. A typical micelle in aqueous solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions in the micelle centre. This type of micelle is known as a normal-phase micelle (oil-in-water micelle). An Inverse micelle has a hyprophobic and hydrophilic side, with the hyrodphilic side at the center and the hydrophobic side facing the solvent. Micelles are approximately spherical in shape. Other phases, including shapes such as ellipsoids, cylinders, and bilayers, are also possible. The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism.<ref name="r1">Micelle. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micelle&oldid=694423373</ref>
 
[[File:Micelle.png|thumb|Micelle - Villarreal, Mariana Ruiz 2007]]
 


[[File:Micelle.png|Micelle - Villarreal, Mariana Ruiz 2007]]


== Formation ==
== Formation ==
Line 9: Line 7:
Micelles form when the polar head and the non polar tails arrange in a special way. They are usually driven to arrange either with the polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil). Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration. The surfactant is any surface active material that can part the surface upon entering. The higher the critical micelle concentration, the more micelles there are. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. If the temperature is below the Krafft temperature<ref name="r2">Friedrich Krafft. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Krafft&oldid=668396294</ref>, then there is no spontaneous formation of micelles. As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state. The hydrophobic effect is also a driving force that needs to be taken into account. This effect is characterized by the fact that like to form intermolecular aggregates in aqueous substances and in intramolecular molecules. Micelle formation can be summed up by thermodynamics, driven by entropy and enthalpy.
Micelles form when the polar head and the non polar tails arrange in a special way. They are usually driven to arrange either with the polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil). Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration. The surfactant is any surface active material that can part the surface upon entering. The higher the critical micelle concentration, the more micelles there are. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. If the temperature is below the Krafft temperature<ref name="r2">Friedrich Krafft. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Krafft&oldid=668396294</ref>, then there is no spontaneous formation of micelles. As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state. The hydrophobic effect is also a driving force that needs to be taken into account. This effect is characterized by the fact that like to form intermolecular aggregates in aqueous substances and in intramolecular molecules. Micelle formation can be summed up by thermodynamics, driven by entropy and enthalpy.


The micelle packing parameter equation is utilized to help "predict molecular self-assembly in surfactant solutions":<ref name="r3">Nagarajan, R. 2002. "Molecular Packing Parameter and Surfactant Self-Assembly: The Neglected Role of the Surfactant Tail†". Langmuir 18: 31. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la010831y</ref>
The micelle packing parameter equation is utilized to help "predict molecular self-assembly in surfactant solutions":<ref name="r3">Nagarajan, R. 2002. "Molecular Packing Parameter and Surfactant Self-Assembly: The Neglected Role of the Surfactant Tail". Langmuir 18: 31. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la010831y</ref>


[[File:Micelle Packing Eq.png|left|text-top|Micelle packing eq.]]
[[File:Micelle Packing Eq.png|left|text-top|Micelle packing eq.]]
Line 15: Line 13:
where [[File:Vo.png|top|Vo.png]]&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 1.6;">is the surfactant tail volume, [[File:Lo.png|top|Lo.png]]&nbsp;is the tail length, and [[File:Ae.png|top|Ae.png]]&nbsp;is the equilibrium area per molecule at the aggregate surface.</span>
where [[File:Vo.png|top|Vo.png]]&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 1.6;">is the surfactant tail volume, [[File:Lo.png|top|Lo.png]]&nbsp;is the tail length, and [[File:Ae.png|top|Ae.png]]&nbsp;is the equilibrium area per molecule at the aggregate surface.</span>


[[File:Vol1 Page 544 Image 0002.png|thumb|Schematic of a surfactant molecule and formation of micelles]]
[[File:Vol1 Page 544 Image 0002.png|Schematic of a surfactant molecule and formation of micelles]]
 
 
 
 


== Role in oil emulsion ==
== Role in oil emulsion ==
Line 21: Line 23:
Gale (1987) reported the combined solvent power of supercritical fluids with the solvent power of micellar solutions which appears promising in connection with enhanced oil recovery. Likewise, recognition of the possible formation and destruction of reversed micelles by naturally-occurring amphiphilic substances, such as those associated with asphaltenes, may explain problems experienced in some EOR projects. Lipophilic supercritical components of reservoir fluids (e.g. light hydrocarbons and CO2) interact, in a controllable manner, with hydrophilic micellar complexes to achieve selective extraction of desirable components of crude oil. Fundamentals of supercritical fluids and of micellar systems are reviewed in terms of their mutual interaction and their potential applicability in EOR processes.<ref name="r4">Carnahan, N. F., & Quintero, L. (1992, January 1). On Reversed Micelles, Supercritical Solutions, EOR and Petroleum Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23753-MS.</ref>
Gale (1987) reported the combined solvent power of supercritical fluids with the solvent power of micellar solutions which appears promising in connection with enhanced oil recovery. Likewise, recognition of the possible formation and destruction of reversed micelles by naturally-occurring amphiphilic substances, such as those associated with asphaltenes, may explain problems experienced in some EOR projects. Lipophilic supercritical components of reservoir fluids (e.g. light hydrocarbons and CO2) interact, in a controllable manner, with hydrophilic micellar complexes to achieve selective extraction of desirable components of crude oil. Fundamentals of supercritical fluids and of micellar systems are reviewed in terms of their mutual interaction and their potential applicability in EOR processes.<ref name="r4">Carnahan, N. F., & Quintero, L. (1992, January 1). On Reversed Micelles, Supercritical Solutions, EOR and Petroleum Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23753-MS.</ref>


When surfactants are present above the critical micelle concentration , they can act as emulsifiers that will allow a compound that is normally insoluble (in the solvent being used) to dissolve. This occurs because the insoluble species can be incorporated into the micelle core, which is itself solubilized in the bulk solvent by virtue of the head groups' favorable interactions with solvent species. The most common example of this phenomenon is detergents, which clean poorly soluble lipophilic material (such as oils and waxes) that cannot be removed by water alone. Detergents clean also by lowering the surface tension of water, making it easier to remove material from a surface. The emulsifying property of surfactants is also the basis for emulsion polymerization.<ref name="r1">Micelle. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micelle&oldid=694423373</ref> [[File:Vol1 Page 544 Image 0001.png|thumb|Asphaltene-resin micelle]]
When surfactants are present above the critical micelle concentration , they can act as emulsifiers that will allow a compound that is normally insoluble (in the solvent being used) to dissolve. This occurs because the insoluble species can be incorporated into the micelle core, which is itself solubilized in the bulk solvent by virtue of the head groups' favorable interactions with solvent species. The most common example of this phenomenon is detergents, which clean poorly soluble lipophilic material (such as oils and waxes) that cannot be removed by water alone. Detergents clean also by lowering the surface tension of water, making it easier to remove material from a surface. The emulsifying property of surfactants is also the basis for emulsion polymerization.<ref name="r1">Micelle. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micelle&oldid=694423373</ref> [[File:Vol1 Page 544 Image 0001.png|Asphaltene-resin micelle]]


== Detection ==
== Detection ==


Micelles are neutral buoyancy droplets with dimensions typically ranging from 10 to 300 nm and so they are very difficult to detect using conventional direct methods. The most promising techniques use indirect micelle detection from fluorescent reporter additives which can be added to test solutions in low concentrations to locate within micelles and produce a measurable and proportional fluorescent response<ref name="r5">Mackenzie, C. D., & Perfect, E. (2012, January 1). Micelle Detection for Optimising Corrosion Inhibitor Dose on an Offshore Platform. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155107-MS.</ref>. Such techniques are used widely in research and diagnostic testing in the life sciences. It has been shown that many oilfield corrosion inhibitors behave as typical surfactants, with defined CMC’s and a proportional relationship between numbers of micelles and fluorescence intensity and peak emission wavelength <ref name="r6">Mackenzie, C. D., Magdalenic, V., Perfect, E., Achour, M., Blumer, D. J., Joosten, M. W., & Rowe, M. (2010, January 1). Development of a New Corrosion Management Tool - Inhibitor Micelle Presence as an Indicator of Optimum Dose. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130285-MS</ref>. This has previously been shown to allow the use of a portable handheld fluorescence reader to allow for simple measurements in the field . For such a device to function, visible light must be able to pass in
Micelles are neutral buoyancy droplets with dimensions typically ranging from 10 to 300 nm and so they are very difficult to detect using conventional direct methods. The most promising techniques use indirect micelle detection from fluorescent reporter additives which can be added to test solutions in low concentrations to locate within micelles and produce a measurable and proportional fluorescent response<ref name="r5">Mackenzie, C. D., & Perfect, E. 2012. Micelle Detection for Optimising Corrosion Inhibitor Dose on an Offshore Platform. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155107-MS.</ref>. Such techniques are used widely in research and diagnostic testing in the life sciences. It has been shown that many oilfield corrosion inhibitors behave as typical surfactants, with defined CMC’s and a proportional relationship between numbers of micelles and fluorescence intensity and peak emission wavelength <ref name="r6">Mackenzie, C. D., Magdalenic, V., Perfect, E., Achour, M., Blumer, D. J., Joosten, M. W., & Rowe, M. 2010. Development of a New Corrosion Management Tool - Inhibitor Micelle Presence as an Indicator of Optimum Dose. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130285-MS</ref>. This has previously been shown to allow the use of a portable handheld fluorescence reader to allow for simple measurements in the field . For such a device to function, visible light must be able to pass in to and out of the analyte solution without being impeded and, knowing the turbid nature of many oilfield samples, alternatives instruments have been investigated. <ref name="r5">Mackenzie, C. D., & Perfect, E. 2012. Micelle Detection for Optimising Corrosion Inhibitor Dose on an Offshore Platform. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155107-MS.</ref>.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 33: Line 35:
== Noteworthy papers in OnePetro ==
== Noteworthy papers in OnePetro ==


Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read
Awang, M. B., Japper, A., Kumar, S., & Dzulkarnain, I. (2012, January 1). Wormlike Micelles for Mobility Control in EOR. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
 
Mackenzie, C., Rowley-Williams, C., Mackay, F. S., Lane, C., Blumer, D., & Achour, M. (2013, March 17). Application of Micelle Detection Method: Field Case Studies. NACE International. [https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-2013-2478 https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-2013-2478]. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155059-MS http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155059-MS].
 
Noll, L. A. (1991, January 1). The Effect of Temperature, Salinity, and Alcohol on the Critical Micelle Concentration of Surfactants. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/21032-MS http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/21032-MS].


== External links ==
== External links ==


Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOfZrhmzPlY Evotherm Chemistry Episode 1 - Introduction]
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKlyofu0Xw Evotherm Chemistry Episode 2 - Surfactant Chemistry]
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=129FldpGx64 Evotherm Chemistry Episode 3 - Evotherm Chemistry 101]
 
[http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/558micelle.html Micelles]
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3AdOsRAipU Surfactants]


== See also ==
== See also ==


Use this section for links to related pages within PetroWiki, including a link to the original PEH text where appropriate
[[PEH:Polymers,_Gels,_Foams,_and_Resins]]
 
[[PEH:Asphaltenes_and_Waxes]]
 
[[PEH:Crude_Oil_Emulsions]]
 
[[Glossary:Sequestration]]
 
[[Glossary:Resin]]
 
[[Stability_of_oil_emulsions|Stability of oil emulsions]]
 
[[Foams_as_mobility_control_agents|Foams as mobility control agents]]
 
[[Thermodynamic_models_for_asphaltene_precipitation|Thermodynamic models for asphaltene precipitation]]


== Category ==
== Category ==
[[Category:NR]] [[Category:NC]] [[Category:DW All Pages]] [[Category:DW InProgress]] [[Category:POST]] [[Category:SB]]
[[Category:Category:1.11.2 Drilling fluid selection and formulation]] [[Category:5.4 Improved and enhanced recovery]] [[Category:5.10.1 Co2 capture and sequestration]] [[Category:DW All Pages]] [[Category:POST]] [[Category:New pages]] [[Category:DW]]

Latest revision as of 10:00, 22 March 2016

Micelles [mi-sel] (singular "micelle"), or micellae (singular "micella"), are spherical clusters of hydrocarbon molecules that act as emulsifying agents. A typical micelle in aqueous solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions in the micelle centre. This type of micelle is known as a normal-phase micelle (oil-in-water micelle). An Inverse micelle has a hyprophobic and hydrophilic side, with the hyrodphilic side at the center and the hydrophobic side facing the solvent. Micelles are approximately spherical in shape. Other phases, including shapes such as ellipsoids, cylinders, and bilayers, are also possible. The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism.[1]

Micelle - Villarreal, Mariana Ruiz 2007

Formation

Micelles form when the polar head and the non polar tails arrange in a special way. They are usually driven to arrange either with the polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil). Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration. The surfactant is any surface active material that can part the surface upon entering. The higher the critical micelle concentration, the more micelles there are. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. If the temperature is below the Krafft temperature[2], then there is no spontaneous formation of micelles. As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state. The hydrophobic effect is also a driving force that needs to be taken into account. This effect is characterized by the fact that like to form intermolecular aggregates in aqueous substances and in intramolecular molecules. Micelle formation can be summed up by thermodynamics, driven by entropy and enthalpy.

The micelle packing parameter equation is utilized to help "predict molecular self-assembly in surfactant solutions":[3]

Micelle packing eq.

where Vo.png is the surfactant tail volume, Lo.png is the tail length, and Ae.png is the equilibrium area per molecule at the aggregate surface.

Schematic of a surfactant molecule and formation of micelles



Role in oil emulsion

Gale (1987) reported the combined solvent power of supercritical fluids with the solvent power of micellar solutions which appears promising in connection with enhanced oil recovery. Likewise, recognition of the possible formation and destruction of reversed micelles by naturally-occurring amphiphilic substances, such as those associated with asphaltenes, may explain problems experienced in some EOR projects. Lipophilic supercritical components of reservoir fluids (e.g. light hydrocarbons and CO2) interact, in a controllable manner, with hydrophilic micellar complexes to achieve selective extraction of desirable components of crude oil. Fundamentals of supercritical fluids and of micellar systems are reviewed in terms of their mutual interaction and their potential applicability in EOR processes.[4]

When surfactants are present above the critical micelle concentration , they can act as emulsifiers that will allow a compound that is normally insoluble (in the solvent being used) to dissolve. This occurs because the insoluble species can be incorporated into the micelle core, which is itself solubilized in the bulk solvent by virtue of the head groups' favorable interactions with solvent species. The most common example of this phenomenon is detergents, which clean poorly soluble lipophilic material (such as oils and waxes) that cannot be removed by water alone. Detergents clean also by lowering the surface tension of water, making it easier to remove material from a surface. The emulsifying property of surfactants is also the basis for emulsion polymerization.[1] Asphaltene-resin micelle

Detection

Micelles are neutral buoyancy droplets with dimensions typically ranging from 10 to 300 nm and so they are very difficult to detect using conventional direct methods. The most promising techniques use indirect micelle detection from fluorescent reporter additives which can be added to test solutions in low concentrations to locate within micelles and produce a measurable and proportional fluorescent response[5]. Such techniques are used widely in research and diagnostic testing in the life sciences. It has been shown that many oilfield corrosion inhibitors behave as typical surfactants, with defined CMC’s and a proportional relationship between numbers of micelles and fluorescence intensity and peak emission wavelength [6]. This has previously been shown to allow the use of a portable handheld fluorescence reader to allow for simple measurements in the field . For such a device to function, visible light must be able to pass in to and out of the analyte solution without being impeded and, knowing the turbid nature of many oilfield samples, alternatives instruments have been investigated. [5].

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Micelle. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micelle&oldid=694423373
  2. Friedrich Krafft. 2015. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Krafft&oldid=668396294
  3. Nagarajan, R. 2002. "Molecular Packing Parameter and Surfactant Self-Assembly: The Neglected Role of the Surfactant Tail". Langmuir 18: 31. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la010831y
  4. Carnahan, N. F., & Quintero, L. (1992, January 1). On Reversed Micelles, Supercritical Solutions, EOR and Petroleum Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23753-MS.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Mackenzie, C. D., & Perfect, E. 2012. Micelle Detection for Optimising Corrosion Inhibitor Dose on an Offshore Platform. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155107-MS.
  6. Mackenzie, C. D., Magdalenic, V., Perfect, E., Achour, M., Blumer, D. J., Joosten, M. W., & Rowe, M. 2010. Development of a New Corrosion Management Tool - Inhibitor Micelle Presence as an Indicator of Optimum Dose. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130285-MS

Noteworthy papers in OnePetro

Awang, M. B., Japper, A., Kumar, S., & Dzulkarnain, I. (2012, January 1). Wormlike Micelles for Mobility Control in EOR. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Mackenzie, C., Rowley-Williams, C., Mackay, F. S., Lane, C., Blumer, D., & Achour, M. (2013, March 17). Application of Micelle Detection Method: Field Case Studies. NACE International. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-2013-2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155059-MS.

Noll, L. A. (1991, January 1). The Effect of Temperature, Salinity, and Alcohol on the Critical Micelle Concentration of Surfactants. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/21032-MS.

External links

Evotherm Chemistry Episode 1 - Introduction

Evotherm Chemistry Episode 2 - Surfactant Chemistry

Evotherm Chemistry Episode 3 - Evotherm Chemistry 101

Micelles

Surfactants

See also

PEH:Polymers,_Gels,_Foams,_and_Resins

PEH:Asphaltenes_and_Waxes

PEH:Crude_Oil_Emulsions

Glossary:Sequestration

Glossary:Resin

Stability of oil emulsions

Foams as mobility control agents

Thermodynamic models for asphaltene precipitation

Category