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Fracturing fluids and additives: Difference between revisions
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Added biocides used in water for fracturing
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Polymers are used to viscosify the fluid. Crosslinkers are used to change the viscous fluid to a pseudoplastic fluid. Biocides are used to kill bacteria in the mix water. Buffers are used to control the pH of the fracture fluid. Surfactants are used to lower the surface tension. Fluid-loss additives are used to minimize fluid leakoff into the formation. Stabilizers are used to keep the fluid viscous at high temperature. Breakers are used to break the polymers and crosslink sites at low temperature. | Polymers are used to viscosify the fluid. Crosslinkers are used to change the viscous fluid to a pseudoplastic fluid. Biocides are used to kill bacteria in the mix water. Buffers are used to control the pH of the fracture fluid. Surfactants are used to lower the surface tension. Fluid-loss additives are used to minimize fluid leakoff into the formation. Stabilizers are used to keep the fluid viscous at high temperature. Breakers are used to break the polymers and crosslink sites at low temperature. | ||
=== Biocides in Water Used for Fracturing === | |||
Water must be treated for bacteria to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion of casing and pipelines, and biofilm clogging of the formation. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) creates hydrogen sulfide (H2S) through anaerobic respiration. H2S is extremely corrosive to steel and can cause iron sulfide to slough off and clog the formation or screens. Acid producing bacteria (APB) fermentation creates organic acids that can corrode pipes and equipment. | |||
[[File:Acid corrosion of pipes.png|thumb|Acid corrosion of pipes]] | |||
Typical biocides used include: | |||
* Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) | |||
* Ozone | |||
* Chlorine Dioxide | |||
* Peracetic Acid | |||
* Glutaraldehyde | |||
* Quaternary Ammonium | |||
[[File:H2S Corrosion.png|thumb|H2S corrosion of pipes]] | |||
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== Noteworthy papers in OnePetro == | == Noteworthy papers in OnePetro == | ||
Fisher, M.K. et al. 2002. Integrating Fracture Mapping Technologies to Optimize Stimulations in the Barnett Shale. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October. SPE-77441-MS. | Fisher, M.K. et al. 2002. Integrating Fracture Mapping Technologies to Optimize Stimulations in the Barnett Shale. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October. SPE-77441-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/77441-MS | ||
King, G. 2010. Thirty Years of Gas Shale Fracturing: What Have We Learned?. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-22 September. SPE-133456. | King, G. 2010. Thirty Years of Gas Shale Fracturing: What Have We Learned?. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-22 September. SPE-133456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/133456-MS | ||
Schein, G. 2012. The Application and Technology of Slickwater Fracturing. Distinguished Lecture Presented 2004-2005. SPE-108807. | Schein, G. 2012. The Application and Technology of Slickwater Fracturing. Distinguished Lecture Presented 2004-2005. SPE-108807. | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
<span style="line-height: 18.9090900421143px;">Al-Muntasheri, Dr. Ghaithan A. 2015. "Fluids for Fracturing Petroleum Reservoirs." Web Events. Society of Petroleum Engineers, </span><span style="line-height: 18.9090900421143px;"> | <span style="line-height: 18.9090900421143px;">Al-Muntasheri, Dr. Ghaithan A. 2015. "Fluids for Fracturing Petroleum Reservoirs." Web Events. Society of Petroleum Engineers, </span><span style="line-height: 18.9090900421143px;">https://webevents.spe.org/products/fluids-for-fracturing-petroleum-reservoirs.</span> | ||
[http://store.spe.org/Recent-Advances-In-Hydraulic-Fracturing--P66.aspx Recent Advances In Hydraulic Fracturing] | [http://store.spe.org/Recent-Advances-In-Hydraulic-Fracturing--P66.aspx Recent Advances In Hydraulic Fracturing] | ||
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== Page champions == | == Page champions == | ||
[www.linkedin.com/in/renealcalde Rene Alcalde] | [https://www.linkedin.com/in/renealcalde Rene Alcalde] | ||
== Category == | == Category == | ||
[[Category:2.5.2 Fracturing materials]] [[Category:YR]] | [[Category:2.5.2 Fracturing materials]] | ||
[[Category:YR]] | |||